A chronology of key events:

Ottoman Empire

1453 – Sultan Mehmed II captures Constantinople, ending the Byzantine Empire and consolidating Ottoman Empire in Asia Minor and Balkans.

15th-16th centuries – Expansion into Asia and Africa.

1683 – Ottoman advance into Europe halted at Battle of Vienna. Long decline begins.

19th century – Efforts at political and economic modernisation of Empire largely founder.

1908 – Young Turk Revolution establishes constitutional rule, but degenerates into military dictatorship during First World War, where Ottoman Empire fights in alliance with Germany and Austria-Hungary.

1918-22 – Partition of defeated Ottoman Empire leads to eventual triumph of Turkish National Movement in war of independence against foreign occupation and rule of Sultan.

Modern Turkey

1923 – Grand National Assembly declares Turkey a republic and Kemal Ataturk president.

1928 – Turkey becomes secular: clause retaining Islam as state religion removed from constitution.

1938 – President Ataturk dies, succeeded by Ismet Inonu.

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